A review of medicinal plants with pesticidal potential in Pakistan

Medicinal plants play important roles in agriculture, pharmaceutical development, and economic systems. Over 150 medicinal plant species with significant therapeutic, industrial, and biopesticidal potential are found across Pakistan, ranging from the arid plains to the Himalayan foothills. These plants produce bioactive compounds that offer environmentally sustainable alternatives to synthetic pesticides for major crops including rice, wheat, and cotton, while also being used in traditional medicine. Several species demonstrate dual applications as insecticides and pharmaceuticals. For example, Bergenia ciliata reduces oxidative stress and controls wheat aphids, while Ajuga bracteosa promotes wound healing and suppresses cotton bollworm. Essential oils from Jurinea macrocephala control rice stem borer, and Otostegia limbata exhibits antibacterial properties. Withania somnifera protects wheat against fungal diseases and enhances abiotic stress tolerance. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) enhances immune function, while the endangered Saussurea costus is used to treat asthma and control locusts. Moringa oleifera reduces nematode infestation in potatoes and improves nutritional content. Artemisia absinthium provides antiviral and antimalarial properties while protecting stored grains. Strong antibacterial and pesticidal properties are exhibited by Adhatoda vasica and Mentha longifolia, whereas Calotropis procera demonstrates antifungal activity against charcoal rot. Azadirachta indica (neem) is well-established as a natural pesticide with diverse health benefits, and Plantago ovata exhibits antibacterial properties. These medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds with potential applications in human health and integrated pest management (IPM). However, their efficacy, safety, and environmental effects must be properly evaluated before widespread application.